Title: An overview of Serbian autochthonous genotype selection in Prunusgenus

Authors: Nebojša Milošević, Ivana Glišić, Sanja Radičević, Slađana Marić, Milena Đorđević, Tomo Milošević, Vera Rakonjac, Goran Barać

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Abstract: Fruit species of the Prunusgenus are among the most represented worldwide. According to harvested area and production volume, plum and sour cherry are beside apple and raspberry the most valuable species in the Republic of Serbia. Also, peach, apricot and sweet cherry are of high importance. Germplasms of all aforementioned Prunusspecies in the Republic of Serbia are very heterogeneous. Numerous genotypes are characterized with high fruit quality and tolerance/resistance to causal agents of the most important diseases and therefore, some of them such as plum ‘Crvena Ranka’, sour cherry ‘Oblačinska‘and apricots ‘NS-4’and ‘NS-6’have a major impact on commercial production. On the other hand, due to these properties, as well as others, a number of autochthonous genotypes have been used in breeding work as one of the parents in planned hybridization. Selection of genotypes with better characteristics have been carried out over a long time period in the Republic of Serbia and some of them, upon evaluation under the recognition procedure, were named and released as new cultivars. Also, clonal selection of the autochthonous genotypes and well-known landraces are a very useful tool for improvement of assortment structure. Therefore, selected clones with better characteristics might be used in production and further breeding work. Until these days, 11 apricot (‘Čačanska Pljosnata’, ‘Čačansko Zlato’, ‘Aleksandar’, ‘Biljana’, ‘Vera’, ‘NS4’, ‘NS6’, ‘Novosadska Rodna’, ‘Novosadska Kasnocvetna’‘Buda’, ‘Ru`a’), two peach (‘Maša’and ‘Lela’), two sour cherry (‘Lenka’and ‘Prima’) and one sweet cherry (‘Canetova’) genotypes have been named and released as new cultivars. In addition, one plum, one sweet cherry and two sour cherry genotypes are under the recognition procedure for new cultivars.

Key words: Prunusgenus, autochthonous genotypes, germplasm, selection, new cultivars

Title: LONG-TERM CONSERVATION OF FRUIT TREE GERMPLASM USING DIFFERENT IN VITRO CRYOPRESERVATION TECHNIQUES AT FRUIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE, ČAČAK

Authors: Tatjana Vujović, Đurđina Ružić, Tatjana Anđelić, Darko Jevremović, Bojana Vasilijević

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Abstract: Cryopreservation represents contemporary method for long-term conservation of plant germplasm at ultralow temperature (liquid nitrogen, -196oC). Since cryopreservation reduces cost and risks linked to management of field germplasm collections, it has become a complementary approach to conventional conservation methods. Program for application of this strategy was also initiated within Department of Fruit Physiology of FRI, Čačak more than a decade ago. Most of the research has been focused on optimization of the protocols for different vitrification-based cryopreservation techniques and their application for conserving temperate fruit tree genotypes. Encapsulation-dehydration technique has been successfully applied for cryopreservation of cherry plum and blackberry ‘Čačanska Bestrna’. Research on application of vitrification technique for conservation of Prunusand Malusgermplasm has shown that significant increase in regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips of cherry rootstock ‘Gisela 5’and apple ‘Gala Must’can be achieved by varying duration of dehydration and/or type of vitrification solution (VS) employed. Optimization of the droplet-vitrification protocol in representatives of Prunus(plums ‘Crvena Ranka’, ‘Sitnica’, ‘Po`egača’, and ‘Krina’, cherry plum, rootstock ‘Gisela 5’), Malus (apple ‘Gala Must’) and Rubus (blackberry ‘Čačanska Bestrna’) genera was performed by evaluating the effect of different VSs, treatment durations, temperature of dehydration and duration of unloading on recovery of cryopreserved explants. Recently, the research on application of newly developed V and D cryo-plate techniques has been initiated, too. These methods allow overcoming disadvantages of other vitrification procedures such as mistiming dehydration, damage and loss of material and manipulative problems. Shoot tips of number of autochthonous plums (‘Crvena Ranka’, ‘Po`egača’, ‘Sitnica’, ‘Moravka’, ‘Belošljiva’), cherry plum, rootstock ‘Gisela 5’, strawberry ‘Clery’, blueberry ‘Toro’and saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia) were successfully cryopreserved using these methods. Results obtained in this research represent a substantial contribution to establishing optimized conservation technology by application of different vitrification based cryopreservation techniques, as well as a good basis for further optimization of the protocols that will be possible to directly implement in the future program of establishing an in vitrogermplasm bank of fruit tree species in our country.

Key words: encapsulation-dehydration, vitrification, droplet-vitrification, V cryo-plate, D cryo-plate

Title: Phenological characteristics and fruit quality of introduced sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars in agroecological conditions of Čačak

Authors: Sanja Radičević, Slađana Marić, Nebojša Milošević, Ivana Glišić, Milena Đorđević

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Abstract: Phenological and pomological properties of nine introduced sweet cherry cultivars ‡ ‘Burlat’, ‘Early Bigi’, ‘Early Lory’, ‘Early Star’, ‘Junska Rana’, ‘Newstar’, ‘Merchant’, ‘Sunburst’ and ‘Vega’, were studied in the vicinity of Čačak, during the two-year period (2018‡2019). The investigation included morphometrical characteristics of fruit (fruit and stone weight; fruit dimensions ‡ height, width and thickness; stalk length; fruit shape index; stone share), biochemical composition of fruit (soluble solids content; total sugars, inverted sugars and sucrose contents; total acids content; fruit juice pH, and sweetness index). The cultivars were characterized by medium-early to medium-late flowering time, and ripening span from 2ndto 4thripening-week of cherry season. The highest value of fruit weight was found in ‘Sunburst’ (4thweek of cherry ripening season) and ‘Early Star’ (2ndweek of cherry ripening season). The chemical analyses also pointed to the high quality of fruits for these two cultivars, so they can be recommended for the commercial sweet cherry orchards in the Republic of Serbia, in order to improve assortment structure, and to extend harvesting season. ‘Merchant’was also characterized with exceptional quality, in terms of biochemical composition of fruits. In relation to early ripening time (earlier than ‘Burlat’), cultivar ‘Early Bigi’showed high values of quality parameters. Both ‘Merchant’ and ‘Early Bigi’ could be the part of sweet cherry assortment in a smaller extent, after verification in production conditions, and in the areas where they give good results.

Key words: Prunus aviumL., cultivars, flowering time, ripening time, pomological characteristics

Title: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISION OF POLLEN GRAINS OF ALMOND CULTIVARS USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Authors: Dragan Milatović, Dragan Nikolić, Aleksandar Radović

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Abstract: Morphology of pollen grains was studied in eight almond cultivars using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The following characteristics were examined in dried pollen grains: length (L), width (W), L/W ratio, length of the colpus, width of the mesocolpium, and exine characteristics (number of ridges per a 100 μm2area, width of a ridge, and width of a furrow). Statistically significant differences between cultivars for all studied traits were found. All cultivars had isopolar, radially symmetric and tricolpate pollen grains, which had been classified as large in size. Pollen grain length ranged from 56.21 μm in cultivar‘Prianiy’ to 60.45 μm in cultivar‘Retsou’, and width from 30.08 μm in cultivar‘Ferragnes’ to 32.49 μm in cultivar ‘Retsou’. Pollen shape was identified as prolate in all cultivars, with L/W ratio from 1.83 to 1.90. The length of the colpus varied in the range of 50.61‡54.34 μm, and the width of the mesocolpium of 15.77‡17.62 μm. All studied cultivars had striate exine ornamentation. Number of ridges per 100 μm2of the exine surface was the lowest in cultivar ‘Nessebar’ (17.7), and the largest in cultivar ‘Icar’ (24.7). Ridge and furrow width varied in a range of 0.31‡0.49 μm and of 0.29‡0.43 μm, respectively. SEM examination indicated that some morphological characteristics of pollen grains, such as size, shape, and exine ornamentation, can potentially be used in the identification of almond cultivars

Key words: Prunus dulcis, pollen size and shape, exine ornamentation, SEM

Title: Volatile components in fruits of raspberry cultivars and selection grown in Western Serbia

Authors: Aleksandar Leposavić, Branko Popović, Olga Mitrović, Aleksandra Korićanac, Radosav Cerović, Nemanja Miletić, Vele Tešević

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Abstract: This study presents the results of a research into volatile compounds in raspberry fruits of four commercial cultivars (‘Willamette’, ‘Meeker’, ‘Tulameen’, ‘Latham’) and one a selection (‘K 81/6’) grown in Western Serbia. By using the method of simultaneous distillation and extraction (Likens-Nickerson method), 37 volatile compounds were isolated and identified (using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ‡ GC/MS), and then classified into corresponding classes of aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenes and hydrocarbons. A quantitative analysis (using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector ‡ GC/FID) revealed that tested raspberry cultivars and selection differ in the content of individual volatile components (expressed in %). The highest share in volatile components belonged to the class of C13-norisoprenoids, among which the most abundant were ß-ionone (ranging from 4.50% in ‘Latham’ to 26.79% in ‘K 81/6’ selection) and α-ionone (ranging from 5.04% in ‘Latham’ to 11.43% in ‘Meeker’).

Key words: Rubus idaeusL., genotypes, aroma, Likens-Nickerson method, GC/MS

Title: VARIETAL SPECIFICS IN THE FUNCTION OF PLUM PRUNING EFFICIENCY EVALUATION IN INTENSIVE ORCHARDS

Authors: Miljan Cvetković, Saša Kalamanda

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Abstract: Plum is a type of fruit tree that responds well to the application of pomotechnical measures. Pruning is an intensive operation in the plum production, which involves the employment of a large number of workers with certain knowledge and skills in a relatively short period of time, which can be a serious problem, especially in the current conditions of labor shortage. Effective use of manual labor during pruning depends to a large extent on the training system and genotype specificities of growth and development. The aim of this work was to examine the influence of genotype specificities on the efficiency of plum pruning in intensive cultivation. Experiment was carried out during 2018 and 2019 on the cultivars ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, ‘Hanita’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’, ‘Stanley’, ‘Čačanska Rodna’ and ‘Elena’, planted in the intensive comertial plum orchard of the ‘Agro-voće’ company in the village of Bakinci, municipality of Laktaši (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The investigation includes the time required for winter and summer pruning, namely: the time required for pruning the lower and upper parts of the crown, the time required for pruning one tree, as well as the time required for the conditional pruning of one hectare of orchard. Also, the structure of pomotechnical measures applied in winter and summer pruning was examined. The results of the research showed that the amount of time required for pruning varied significantly depending on the cultivar and year of study. The same tendency was shown by the results related to the structure of the applied pomotechnical measures. Also, differences in the structure of the applied pomotechnical measures in the upper and lower part of the crown of the same varieties were determined. The least time for conditional pruning of one hectare of plantations was required by the ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ (138.73 h in 2018 and 73.12 h days in 2019). The highest consumption of time in 2018 was found in the cultivars ‘Hanita’ (224.39 h) and ‘Elena’ (229.32 h), and in 2019 in the cultivar ‘Hanita’ (106.02). In all tested cultivars, more time was needed for pruning in 2018 compared to 2019. A smaller deviation in the required pruning time by year was found in the varieties ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Čačanska Najbolja’, while a larger deviation was typical for vigorous cultivars, as well as for the cultivars of a higher bearing potential.

Key words: plum, cultivar, pruning, efficiency