Title: DETERMINATION OF S-GENOTYPE AND ACS1-GENOTYPE IN APPLE SEEDLINGS DEVELOPED AT FRUIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE ČAČAK

Authors: Slađana Marić, Milan Lukić

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Abstract: The paper presents the results of determination of Sgenotype and ACS1-genotype in parental cultivars and seedlings derived from the progenies obtained after self-pollination of apple cultivar ‘Gala Must’ and from the fully compatible cross ‘Fuji Kiku 8’  ‘Topaz’ at Fruit Research Institute Čačak. Alleles of S-RNase and ACS1 genes were identified by polymerase chain rection (PCR). The parental cultivars were homozygous for allele ACS1-2 (ACS1-2/ACS1-2), and the following S-genotypes were determined: ‘Gala Must’ S2S5, ‘Fuji Kiku 8’ S1S9 and ‘Topaz’ -S2S5. The analysis showed that the selfed progeny of ‘Gala Must’ segregated 3 S2S2 : 2 S2S5 : 2 S5S5, as well as that the seedlings homozygous for S5 allele do not belong to the selfed progeny. Of ten seedlings derived from the cross ‘Fuji Kiku 8’ (S1S9)  ‘Topaz’ (S2S5), one was S1S2, three were S1S5, five were S2S9 and one was S2Sx. Determination of ACS1-genotype showed that evaluated seedlings were homozygous for allele ACS1-2, with two exceptions, i.e. GMGM-2 and GMGM-6. These seedlings were expected to be ACS1-2/ACS1-2, but are observed to be ACS11/ACS1-2 genotype.

Key words: Malus x domestica, S-RNaza, ACS1, seedling

Title: INDUCTION OF FEATHERS ON ONE-YEAR-OLD APPLE NURSERY TREES CV ‘IDARED’ USING BA AND GA4+7

Authors: Marko Dorić, Zoran Keserović, Nenad Magazin, Biserka Milić

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Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellin 4+7 (GA4+7) on the formation of feathers on one-year-old ‘Idared’ apple nursery trees. The solutions of Gerba 4 LG (BA) and Progerbalin LG (BA+GA4+7), in the concentrations of 200-450 µl l-1 of active ingredient BA were applied. Untreated oneyear-old ‘Idared’ apple nursery trees formed a large number of feathers up to 10 cm in length. Using solutions of BA and BA+GA4+7 formed significantly larger number of feathers 10-30 cm and longer than 30 cm. When applied on its own, BA has a stronger effect on the growth rate of the main shoot, which have effect on degree of feathering and height of the tree. The treatments did not affect tree diameter.

Key words: apple, feathers, apical dominance, oneyear-old nursery trees, BA, GA4+7

Title: EFFECT OF METAXENIA ON FRUIT ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES IN MORE RECENT APPLE CULTIVARS

Authors: Milan Lukić, Slađana Marić

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Abstract: The paper presents results of three-year study of metaxenia effect on organoleptic properties of ‘Gala Must’ and ‘Red Elstar’ fruits, obtained through a number of variants of cross-pollination (‘Gala Must’  ‘Red Elstar’ and ‘Gala Must’  ‘Rajka’; ‘Red Elstar’  ‘Gala Must’, ‘Red Elstar’  ‘Rajka’ and ‘Red Elstar’  ‘Topaz’) and open pollination (‘Gala Must’ O.P. and ‘Red Elstar’ O.P.). The organoleptic traits of the fruits of the assessed cultivars that were obtained in the pollination variants described above were determined based on the assessment of relative area and intensity of the over colour, assessment of the attractiveness, flavour, aroma and consistency. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that there was a statistically significant effect of the polleniser on the relative area and intensity of the over colour of the fruit in both assessed cultivars, with the ‘Rajka’ cultivar recording the strongest metaxenia effect. Based on the overall evaluation of the examined organoleptic traits of the fruit, the ‘Rajka’ cultivar proved to be the most suitable polleniser of the ‘Gala Must’, while the ‘Gala Must’ was the most suitable polliniser of the ‘Red Elstar’ cultivar.

Key words: apple, organoleptic traits, polleniser, metaxenia

Title: CHEMICAL THINNING OF FLOWERS OF PLUM CULTIVARS

Authors: Rade Miletić, Svetlana M. Paunović, Jelena Luković

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Abstract: The paper presents the results of chemical thinning of flowers of plum cultivars suitable for drying ‘Čačanska Rodna’, ‘Stanley’, ‘Valjevka’ and ‘Bluefree’. The treatments were performed during the phase of full bloom, using the LG-GER-ATS (ammonium thiosulphate) in a 0.0025% concentration. The trial comprised three treatments: treatment I treating the entire crown; treatment II treating one half of the crown height-wise, in the direction of the rows and treatment III – control treatment (trees receiving no treatment). The application of the ammonium thiosulphate treatment on the trees resulted in the increased size and yield of the fruits subjected to treatments I and II, in comparison to the control treatment. The application of the ammonium thiosulphate made an impact on the size of fruits in all the cultivars in the trial. The largest fruit dimension and mass was recorded in treatment I, while the smallest was detected in treatment III. The fruit mass of the ‘Čačanska Rodna’ cultivar was higher by 8.7 g (22.8%) in treatment I, i.e. by 5.1 g (14.7%) higher in treatment II; the fruit mass of the ‘Stanley’ cultivar was higher by 7.0 g (17.3%) in treatment I, i.e. 3.7 g (9.9%) higher in treatment II; the fruit mass of the ‘Bluefree’ cultivar was higher by 5.7 g (10.9%) in treatment I, i.e. by 2.4 g (4.9%) higher in treatment II all in comparison with the non-treated trees. The highest yield per tree was recorded in treatment I, while the lowest was detected in treatment III. In the ‘Čačanska Rodna’ cultivar, the yield was higher by 6.3 kg (14.8%) in treatment I, i.e. by 3.3 kg (8.4%) higher in treatment II; the yield of the ‘Stanley’ cultivar was higher by 3.7 kg (9.2%) in treatment I, i.e. it was by 2.1 kg (5.4%) higher in treatment II; the yield of the ‘Bluefree’ cultivar was higher by 1.9 kg (7.5%) in treatment I and by 0.8 kg (3.5%) in treatment II; the yield in the ‘Valjevka’ cultivar was higher by 4.0 kg (10.9%) in treatment I, .e. it was by 1.0 kg (3.0%) higher in treatment II all in comparison with the control group. The yield per unit of area in the ‘Čačanska Rodna’, ‘Stanley’ and ‘Bluefree’ cultivars did not show significant differences between the treatments, while the highest ant the lowest yield in the ‘Valjevka’ cultivar were recorded in treatment I and treatment III, respectively.

Key words: plum, cultivar, ammonium thiosulphate, fruit, yields

Title: MICROPROPAGATION OF SOUR CHERRY 'ČAČANSKI RUBIN' (PRUNUS CERASUS L.)

Authors: Tatjana Vujović, Đurđina Ružić, Radosav Cerović

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Abstract: The paper describes the protocol for micropropagation of sour cherry 'Čačanski Rubin' (Prunus cerasus L.) bred at the Fruit Research Institute in Čačak. Aiming at developing efficient protocol for micropropagation of this genotype, the influence of repeated subculturing on proliferation capacity of in vitro shoots as well as the effect of change of type and concentration of plant growth regulators on multiplication and rooting phases were studied. With standard method of surface sterilization of initial explants, aseptic culture was established and leaf rossettes were initiated on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium (MS) with 2.0 mg l-1 BAP, 0.5 mg l-1 IBA and 0.1 mg l-1 GA3. After establishment of aseptic culture, regenerated shoots were multiplied in five successieve subcultures on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l-1 BAP in combination with IBA i GA3 each applied at 0.1 mg l-1. The following multiplication parameters were monitored: multiplication index, length of axial and lateral shoots. With aim to optimize multiplication stage and determine the optimal hormonal composition of multiplication medium, the influence of increase in BAP concentration and/or type of auxins (IBA or NAA), on multiplication index, fresh and dry weight of shoots was examined in fifth subculture after initiation. During multiplication on MS medium with constant hormonal composition, the decline in shoot formation capacity over repeated subcultures was observed, so as the highest value of multiplication index (3.11) was noticed in first subculture after initiation. However the subculturing improved the shoot elongation, and the highest value of shoots length, especially in axial shoots (1.22 cm), was observed in fifth subculture. Although increase in BAP concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 mg l-1 in combination with NAA instead of IBA in fifth subculture increased multiplication index, the shoots multiplied on this medium were not suitable for further growing due to the significant decrease in shoot length as well as to the apperiance of hyperhydricity. Sour cherry 'Čačanski Rubin' displayed very low rooting ability on HF medium as well as on medium with 1.0 mg l-1 IBA which is the most common medium used for rooting of different species of Prunus genus, while on medium containing NAA at same concentration rhizogenesis was not observed. The highest rooting rate (60.0%) as well as the highest number of roots per shoot (6.3) in this genotype were achieved with 1-min dip treatment in NAA dessolved in sterile water (500 mg l-1) followed by growing on HF medium. The percentage of acclimatization under the 'mist' system in green house was significantly higher for shoots rooted in vitro (55.6%) than for unrooted shoots (14,8%).

Key words: sour cherry, aseptic culture, multiplication, rooting, acclimatization

Title: MICROPROPAGATION OF LOW-VIGOROUS ROOTSTOCK SELECTIONS FOR SWEET AND SOUR CHERRY

Authors: Dušica Bošnjaković, Vladislav Ognjanov, Goran Barać, Mirjana Ljubojević, Ankica Pranjić, Krunoslav Dugalić

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Abstract: The paper presents protocol for in vitro establishment, multiplication, rooting and aclimatization of two perspective selections of European ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall., selections SV1 and SV2) and one mahaleb selection (Prunus mahaleb L., selection M1) that are included in low-vigorous rootstocks breeding program for sweet and sour cherry. Surface sterilization procedure for both types of explants was the same. Establishment of aseptic culture depends of type of the explants. Rate of contamination for shoot tips of European ground cherry genotypes was 40.0-86.7%, while for mahaleb genotype was 100%. Better source of initial explants were dormant buds where rate of contamination did not exceed 13.3%. During twelve subsequent subcultures shoot multiplication was examined on Driver & Kuniyuki (1984) medium (DKW) containing 0.8 mg l-1 6-benzyladenine (BAP) and 0.01 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for European ground cherry genotypes, and 1 mg l-1 BAP and 0.01 mg l-1 -naphtyl-acetic acid (NAA) for mahaleb genotype. The highest multiplication index was achieved in selection of European ground cherry SV1, followed by mahaleb selection M1 in the first subculture (9.1 and 6.3, respectively), while SV2 selection of European ground cherry achieved greatest multiplication index in the third subculture (6.3). During subculturing for all investigated genotypes multiplication index decreased. Rooting capacity expressed through percentage of rooted plants was over 80%, but strongly dependent of IBA concentration.

Key words: : low-vigorous rootstock, sweet and sour cherry, breeding, micropropagation, multiplication index, in vitro rooting

Title: THE INFLUENCE OF CANE PINCHING ON PRODUCTION TRAITS OF PRIMOCANE FRUITING RASPBERRY CULTIVARS

Authors: Jasminka Milivojević, Mihailo Nikolić, Dragan Radivojević

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Abstract: The research was designed to evaluate the effect of removing the growing tip of primocanes (‘pinching’), when those reach about 80 cm tall, on ripening time, productivity and fruit quality traits in ten raspberry cultivars (‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Lyulin’, ‘Polana’, ‘Polka’, ‘Himbo Top’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Rossana’, ‘Porrana Rosa’, ‘Golden Bliss’ and ‘Heritage’). This measure is considered as important to stimulate higher productivity, whereas harvest time is often delayed. Studies were conducted at the Experimental station ‘Radmilovac’, a collective raspberry orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University, in 2009. The orchard was established in 2006 in the form of a hedgerow system without trellis. Canes from previous vegetation period were simply mowed down in early spring and the crop was only born on the primocanes during the summer and fall. The obtained results showed that tipping of primocanes has been found to increase yield in six studied cultivars. The highest fruit yield was recorded in both unpinched and pinched primocanes of cv. Heritage (174,6 g and 296,8 g/cane, respectively), whereas fruit weight only showed lower values by applying this measure in cvs. Heritage, Golden Bliss and Lyulin. Keeping the canes pinched also affected later beginning of ripening time, ranging from 9 days (‘Polka’) to 80 days (‘Ruby’) in comparison to the control treatment.

Key words: raspberry, cultivar, removing the growing tip, ripening time, yield, fruit quality

Title: AUTOCHTHONOUS APPLE VARIETIES IN UPPER POLIMLJE REGION

Authors: Djina Božović, Vučeta Jaćimović, Biljana Lazović

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Abstract: Apple growing has a long tradition in the area of Upper Polimlje. Natural conditions are very favorable for apple cultivation. Beside the modern varieties, there are, still significantly present, the autochthonous varieties in the assortment. Among them there are varieties which originate from the region or are grown for a long period in the area but of unknown origin. These varieties include those imported from other countries which adapted during the time to our climatic conditions and have great economic importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and conservation of autochthonous apple varieties in the area of Upper Polimlje. Research on autochthonous apple varieties was conducted in situ in the period 2008-2009. All varieties are grafted on wild apple seedlings. The trees are grown in free shape without application of agrotechical measures. During the trial the standard methods for characterization were used. The paper presents major biological characteristics of 30 the most present autochthonous apple varieties from this region. The studied varieties ripen in the period July to October. The smallest fruits were in ‘Petrovaca’ variety (35.8 g) and the biggest in ‘Babovaca’ (239 g). The fruits of ‘Beljuha’, ‘Petrovaca’ and ‘Krupnaja’ varieties have only ground color (yellow and green-white). In other varieties the over color (pink and red) is present in different extent, from slight blush (‘Voskovaca’, ‘Bjelija’, ‘Bjelica’) to intense red fruit (‘Arapka’). High content of soluble solids in the fruit characterize ‘Borovaca’ (16,5%), ‘Krstovaca’ (16% ) and ‘Bosnika’ variety (15,7%).

Key words: apple, autochthonous cultivars, properties, Upper Polimlje