Title: BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ‘GALA’ APPLE CLONES IN THE REGION OF WESTERN SERBIA

Authors: Biološke osobine klonova sorte Gala na području Zapadne Srbije

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Abstract: The paper presents results of two-year study of phenological and pomological properties of four clones of apple ‘Gala’ ‘Gala Must®’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Mondial Gala® and ‘Royal Gala®’ grown at a site of Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. The obtained results have confirmed that agro-environmental conditions of Western Serbia are favorable for growing the above-mentioned clones. The results additionally suggest that some of ‘Gala’ apple clones deserve to be included in future orchards. Among the above-mentioned clones, ‘Gala Must®’ and ‘Galaxy’ stand out in terms of cropping, and fruit size and quality. Therefore, these cultivars may greatly contribute to the advancement of Serbian apple assortment.

Key words: apple, cultivar, clones, biological properties

Title: PHENO-POMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND ORGANOLEPTIC ASSESSMENT OF NEWLY BRED PLUM CULTIVARS ‘ZLATKA’ AND ‘POZNA PLAVA’ GROWN IN ČAČAK REGION

Authors: Ivana Glišić, Žaklina Karaklajić-Stajić, Olga Mitrović

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Abstract: The paper presents the two-year results (2006-2007) of major phenological, pomological and organoleptic properties of new plum cultivars (‘Zlatka’ and ‘Pozna plava’) bred at Fruit Research Institute, Čačak. The assesment included the comparative studies with standard plum cultivars grown under agro-environmental conditions of Čačak. ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Čačanska Rodna’ served as standard cultivars for ‘Zlatka’ and ‘Pozna Plava’ respectively. In respect of flowering onset, and dynamics and abundance of flowering the studied cultivars did not exhibit significantly different performance from standard ones, whereas, the greater differences were observed in terms of ripening time. Fruits of ‘Zlatka’ were markedly smaller than those of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, whereas fruit ratio and yield had the reverse tendency. Soluble solids content was somewhat higher in fruits of ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, and both the studied and standard cultivars were identically graded in organoleptic assessment. ‘Pozna Plava’ and ‘Čačanska Rodna’ do not differ greatly in respect of fruit mass and ratio. On the other hand, ‘Pozna Plava’ had lower performance in respect of yield, soluble solids content and organoleptic dry matter, and organoleptic assessment in general.

Key words: plum, cultivar, flowering, fruit properties

Title: THE INFLUENCE OF PLANTING DENSITY ON FRUIT PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF PLUM TABLE CULTIVARS

Authors: Rade Miletić, Marijana Pešaković, Jelena Luković, Svetlana M. Paunović, Žaklina Karaklajić-Stajić

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Abstract: The studies were conducted over the two-year period (2008-2010) at Fruit Research Institute in Čačak. The trial included three plum table cultivars: ‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ and ‘Čačanska Najbolja’. The studied cultivars were grown in five planting densities: I 4.0 x 1.0 m (2,500 trees/ha); II 4.0 x 1.5 m (1,666.6 trees/ha); III 4.0 x 2.0 m (1,250 trees/ha); IV 5.0 x 3.0 m (666.6 trees/ha) and V (control) 5.0 x 4.0 m (500 trees/ha). The studies encompassed the following parameters: size and weight of fruit and stone, flesh ratio, stalk mass and length, soluble solids content and yield per tree and unit land area. In the initial cropping, differences in size and weight of fruit and stone, flesh content, stalk mass and length and soluble solids content in fruits were not considerable among cultivars in planting densities of treatment. The average fruit weight in ‘Čačanska Rana’ was the lowest in IV (41.3 g), and the greatest in V treatment (48.6 g); in ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, fruit weight was lowest in IV (32.6 g), and greatest in III treatment (39.9 g); in ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ values of the same parameter was lowest in II (38.4 g), and highest in I treatment (44.3 g). Yield per tree and unit land area had highly significant differences among planting densities treatments, which depended on planting distance and number of trees per unit land area. The highest yield in all the studied cultivars was realized in the first (I) treatment at planting distance 4.0 x 1.0 m (2,500 trees/ha), whereas it was lowest in the fifth (V) treatment 5.0 x 4.0 m (500 trees/ha). The obtained results confirm the observed regularity that the increase in number of trees per unit land area results in the increase of yield. From the aspect of cultivars used, the highest yield per tree and unit land area in all the treatments were recorded in cultivar ‘Čačanska Lepotica’, followed by ‘Čačanska Najbolja’, whereas they were lowest in ‘Čačanska Rana’.

Key words: plum, cultivar, planting density, fruit properties, yield

Title: INITIAL AND FINAL FRUIT SET IN SWEET CHERRY CULTIVARS AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLLINATION

Authors: Sanja Radičević, Radosav Cerović, Dragan Nikolić, Milena Đorđević, Milan Lukić

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Abstract: The paper presents two-year results of the study (2008-2009) of the initial and final fruit set in sweet cherry cultivars ‘Kordia’, ‘Summit’, ‘Karina’ and ‘Regina’ grown under agroecological conditions of Čačak, which were subjected to different types of pollination. Each of the above mentioned cultivars was investigated under cross-pollination and self-pollination conditions (16 combinations); for each combination 300 flowers were emasculated and pollinated. The study of the initial and final fruit set under the conditions of open pollination was concurrently performed. The characteristics of flowering phenophase as well as in vitro pollen germination of the stated cultivars were monitored. Generally, in all the cultivars fruit set was higher in the first year of study. ‘Karina’ and ‘Regina’ had high fruit set rate in both years, in crossand open pollination. ‘Regina’ proved to be the best pollinator, especially for ‘Karina’, and demonstrated the best in vitro pollen germination in comparison with the other studied cultivars.

Key words: sweet cherry, cultivar, flowering, pollination, fruit set

Title: THE BALANCES OF NITROGEN MOVEMENT BETWEEN MEDIA AND SHOOTS OF CAMIL SWEET CHERRY ROOTSTOCK GROWN IN VITRO

Authors: Đurđina Ružić, Radosav Cerović1,, Tatjana Vujović

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Abstract: The paper presents the balances of nitrogen movement between media and shoots of Camil sweet cherry rootstock grown in vitro. The relation between shoots uptake and distribution of this element which is essential for growth and multiplication of in vitro grown cultures was identified. These studies represent a new approach in interpretation of relations relative to the mineral nutrition in vitro.

Key words: Camil, sweet cherry rootstock, in vitro multiplication, nitrogen, balance

Title: VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF LOW VIGOROUS CHERRY ROOTSTOCK SELECTIONS BY SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS

Authors: Mirjana Ljubojević, Gregor Osterc, Vladislav Ognjanov, Goran Barać, Dušica Bošnjaković, Emina Mladenović, Jelena Čukanović

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the vegetative propagation possibility of dwarfing cherry rootstock selections within genus Prunus, subgenus Cerasus, in terms of fogging system. Rooting was investigated in three species (Prunus cerasus, Prunus mahaleb and Prunus fruticosa) with a total of 26 genotypes and two standard cherry rootstocks (‘GiSelA 5’ and ‘Weiroot 158’). A sufficient percentage of rooting (> 40%) with the length of the root system of over 90 cm, was achived by ’Oblačinska’ sour cherry selections OV33, OV14, OV11 and OV22. Method should be improved for mahaleb and european ground cherry propagation, since rooting succes amounted 0-13,6%.

Key words: Prunus, vegetative rootstocks, softwood cuttings, fogging system, rooting

Title: VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF WALNUT NURSERY PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY FOLIAR NUTRITION

Authors: Svetlana M. Paunović, Rade Miletić, Milisav Mitrović, Dragan Janković

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Abstract: The effect of foliar fertilization on vegetative growth of walnut nursery plants was observed in this experiment. The experiments were conducted at the Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, over 2003-2005. The study involved one cultivar (cv Seinovo control) and four selections of walnut, including Ovcar, G-286, Elit and G-139. The trial included two variants: variant I without foliar fertilization (control), and variant II with foliar fertilization. Vegetative growth of walnut plants in the foliar feltilization variant was higher at the end of the first (16,9 cm) and second (207,8 cm) growing seasons as compared with the control variant (14,3 cm and 171,6 cm, respectively). The highest plant growth was observed in selection G-286 at the end of the first (17.1 cm) and cv Seinovo at the end of second (197.8 cm) growing seasons, and the lowest in selection G139 (14.8 cm and 182.3 cm, respectively).

Key words: walnut, walnut nursery plant, cultivar and selection, foliar nutrition

Title: EFFECTS OF AVG AND NAA ON PREHARVEST FRUIT DROP AND QUALITY OF APPLE CULTIVAR IDARED

Authors: Biserka Milić, Nenad Magazin, Zoran Keserović, Marko Dorić

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Abstract: In some production years, apple cultivar Idared may be prone to preharvest fruit drop and therefore yield lost. In this research, effects of AVG and NAA on preharvest fruit drop and fruit quality of Idared, in two different orchards and application dates were investigated. Applied chemicals were VBC 30033 (4,15% AVG, Valent Biosciences, USA) at rate 3,0 g l -1, Fixormon (8,5% NAA, Cifo, Italy) at rate 0,24 ml l-1 and Dirager (3,3% NAA, L-gobbi, Italy) at rate 0,6 ml l-1. Applications were done 28 days (VBC 30033 and Fixormon) and 14 days before anticipated harvest date (Fixormon and Dirager). The most effective were AVG treatments, as percentage of fruit drop was the smallest in both orchards. AVG was effective during whole ripening period of 6 weeks. AVG treatments were not consistent in delaying fruit ripening. NAA was effective during the period of two weeks after the treatment. After that period fruit drop was more intensive than in control trees. NAA decreased fruit firmness and increased starch degradation and soluble solids content in both orchards. It is recommended that NAA treatments should be repeated in order to prevent fruit drop until optimum harvest date. NAA applications may lead to decreased storage potential of fruits in case of harvest is delayed beyond optimum harvest date.

Key words: apple, preharvest drop, AVG, NAA, fruit quality

Title: THE KINETICS OF THE APPLE CV. GRANNY SMITH DRYING IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Authors: Dragana Paunović, Branislav Zlatković, Dušica Mirković

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Abstract: In the last decade on the world market there is a great interest in dried apple products (publicity-called apple chips). The subject of this paper is the kinetics of the apple cv Granny Smith drying in laboratory dehydrator with the idea of pinpointing at which level of humidity comes to achieving a maximum speed of evaporation and at which level of humidity apple slices are beginning to change in color and geometric shape. The experiment included two temperature regimes of drying, batch process (constant air temperature of 70°C for a period of 8h) and simulated continual process (the air temperature of 70°C for a period of 3 h and the air temperature of 50°C for a period of 5 h). The amount of evaporated water is expressed in relative and absolute units of measure. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the technological process of drying apple slices and in terms of oxidation of polyphenolic compounds to find an adequate temperature treatment which will provide that the final product contains no additives and to be technologically and organoleptically acceptable. The results showed that in simulated continual process of drying the lower maximum speed of drying is achieved, drying is more evenly and in this way the technological process is finished with a smaller temperature stress for plant tissue, resulting in a much better quality of the final product.

Key words: apple, cv Granny Smith, drying process, the kinetics of the drying process